I.G.U. Sustainable Tourism Study Group

KOREA 2000 PROGRAMS

click here for: Cheju - 10-13 August
click here for: Seoul - 14-18 August

Cheju, Korea, 10-13 August, 2000
Tourism Study Group Pre-Congress Meeting

ABSTRACTS

An Assessment of the Relationship Between Leisure And Holiday Behaviour: A Case Study of Young People
Neil S. Carr
Department of Economics, Social Sciences, and Tourism, University of Hertfordshire, Hertford, Hertfordshire, SG13 8QF, UK; e-mail: n.s.carr@herts.ac.uk
This study compares how young people behave while they are on vacation and in their places of origin. The latter is identified as leisure behaviour, while the former is referred to as holiday behaviour. The data, on which this paper is based, was collected using a series of in-depth interviews and recall diaries. Comparing behaviour in the holiday and home environments provides an analysis of the relationship between tourism and leisure, which is currently a matter of debate. For example, it has been claimed that how people behave while on holiday generally contrasts with leisure behaviour (Dann & Cohen, 1991; Leontidou, 1994). In contrast, it has been suggested that there is little necessity to insist on a major distinction between tourism and leisure phenomena (Butler, 1995; Moore, et al., 1994). Consequently, this research may help to determine the compatibility of leisure and tourism theories.
The results of the study suggest that while they are on vacation the people interviewed tended to behave in a more liberal and hedonistic manner than when in their place of origin. However, this holiday behaviour seems to be an extension of their leisure behaviour, rather than separate from it. This may support the hypothesis that how tourists behave is influenced by a combination of the socio-cultural norms and values that shape their behaviour in the home environment, and a tourist culture which is specific to the holiday environment. Keywords: leisure behaviour, holiday behaviour, tourist culture.

Development of the Structural Concept Model for the Sustainability of Tourism
Byonggil Choi and Jaeho Song
Cheju National University, Korea; e-mail: choibk@cheju.cheju.ac.kr
Environment must be protected from tourism for tourism itself. The concept of sustainable tourism is still uncertain and ambiguous. In order to realize sustainable tourism, the development of structural model that will explain the structure of sustainable tourism correctly is prerequisite. Once the structural concept model is established, The administrable practice is possible by producing measurement indicators and identification of factors. Carefully we can say that, even though the studies for principle and concept for sustainable tourism have been continued, studies and efforts for the methodology of its application are very limited. In this paper, we prefer 'sustainability of tourism' to 'sustainable tourism'. Sustainable tourism development intends that satisfaction for local community should be more considered than that of tourist. However, Sustainability of tourism means that tourism development should be based upon satisfaction of visitors and make them visit continuously, as well as improvement in total quality of tourism community which includes natural and socio-cultural environment.
The structural concept model(called ST model) in this study has been revised based uopn the PSR(Pressure-State-Response) structure developed and presented by OECD, and the characteristics of tourism were supplemented. Environment - tourism system - environment model, the process of social exchange model, tourism impact and local resident attitude model, tourism circulation model, which are all revised, and put together and finally a new model

Cultural Events: Added Value for Urban Tourism Destinations?
Myriam Jansen-Verbeke & Jeroen Bryon
Department of Social and Economic Geography, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium; email: myriam.verbeke @geo.kuleuven.ac.be
Tourist destinations all over the world are fiercely competing on the tourism market to offer and to promote the unique, the authentic, the real 'cultural experience'. In this competitive arena historical cities, heritage sites and even modern cities are highly inventive in mining the cultural resources to produce tourist attractions for the 'big spending' cultural tourist. In order to penetrate into the tourist awareness space, to catch the attention, to create competitive advantages, many tourist destinations are inclined to invest heavily in temporary cultural events ; variety in cultural agenda, blockbusting exhibitions, themed activities, festivals, shows. Apparently this has become a preferred policy in the marketing of tourism destinations. This perspective of a 'one shot injection' with hopefully a positive impact on the image of the place, on visitor numbers and revenues is indeed very tempting. Short term successes, usually expressed in terms of additional visitor nights and expenditures, are easy and good selling arguments also with eventual sponsors and fit well into the ambitions of local politicians and tourism marketeers to catch media coverage.
There definitely is a need to understand and manage the long term impact of cultural events on the local economy and community , on the tourism infrastructure (the hardware), on the future tourism profile of the place (the software), on the organisational capacity and skills (the orgware). The need to redefine 'critical success factors' in the perspective of a sustainable tourism development is a first step in the process of outlining long term objectives and in implementing an effective management model. This paper focuses on the challenge of developing a monitoring system for cultural events, in an urban context, as a management instrument for the 'cultural tourist destinations' and to discuss the supportive role of scientific research in this process. The objective of the project is to develop views on how to anchor cultural events in a sustainable way into the urban system, to understand also the dynamics of a cultural injection in the tourism system and the importance of local resources and community involvement as critical success factors.
Monitoring System as Management Instrument :
What aspects of impact (of change) should be and can be measured?
* Physical: The development of new infrastructure ( theatre hall, conference centre, visitors centre , new hotels, new museums, traffic policy , building regulations , land use policy , etc ) and the incentives for conservation and creating new uses for old forms...
* Economic: The competition between cities and between cultural events can be evaluated by analysing specific economic indicators: number of tourist nights, expenditures of tourists, the trends in sponsorship, the prices, the share in the market of city trips, etc. A revalorisation of heritage buildings is just one economic indicator, but in terms ofrevival of historical cities and sites, a most relevant one.
* Cultural: Cultural events are supposed to add to the quality of cultural activities and experiences, both by visitors and residents and lead toward the image of a "cultural place".
To what extent are cultural events a lever to this type of cultural promotion?
* Social: The attitude of the local community towards tourism and cultural events is a crucial factor in assessing the added value. The reactions to top down decisions on (mega) events need to be identified and understood. The carrying capacity of the place, the quality of the residential environment, the social benefits and costs, the community involvement or irritation. Analysing the multidimensional process of change requires a set of different research tools and methods.There is the need to focus on indicators relating to: * the hardware ( changes in the urban landscape : morphology / land use / functions ); * the software ( changes in the economy of hospitality); * the orgware ( changes in the organisation structures / capacities). Since the option is to trace changes over time, a longitudinal approach is required.
CASE STUDY : Bruges Cultural capital of Europe 2002
Cultural capitals of Europe have been in many ways a success story ... The risk is real that the formula erodes in some way; by including second rank cultural cities, by copying successful ingredients in other places and cultural contexts, by too high expectations, by not learning from failures in other experiments, by lack of competence to manage and not in the least by increasing competition between cities. Many cities are now in a stage of trial and error in their ambition to harmonise cultural policies and tourism expansion... and gradually discover the fact that cultural events have a rather short half life. The common challenge lies in managing the events as to become more than a tempory injection but a long lasting improvement of the urban social and cultural environment .

Touristic Terroir: Regionalism and the Wine Tourism Experience
Richard Mitchell
University of Western Sydney and University of Otago
C. Michael Hall
Centre for Tourism, University of Otago
Wine is recognised as the ultimate expression of regional character, relying not only on the grape
variety and skill of the wine maker for its flavour but on the unique and often subtle combination of regional characteristics that impart a distinctly regional flavour. The French have long used the term terroir to describe this phenomenon - a term which defies a literal translation into English, but which is the combination of all environmental aspects of the wine region. Regions also rely on the unique combination of their environmental and cultural elements to create a distinctive tourism product that differentiates it from other regions - its touristic terrior. An exploration of the touristic terroir of region, then, may lead to a greater understanding of the appeal of a region, the different experiences that occur within the region and potential for regions to differentiate their product and promotion.
In 1999 the New Zealand Winery Visitors' Survey set out to undertake the first nationwide survey of winery visitors. The survey netted 1,090 gathered from 33 wineries across nine of New Zealand's wine regions and as a result it is the first survey that allows for direct comparison of regional winery experiences. Using the results of this survey, this paper examines the regional differences in the on-site winery experience and of the wine region from the perspective of winery visitor. It then explores the aspects of the touristic terrior of the regions in an attempt to explain some of the differences in experience. The paper concludes with an examination of how the wine regions might use touristic terrior as a tool for product development and regional promotion as well as outline future potential research directions with respect to the relationship between wine and regional identity.

Development of Science-based Nature Tourism in Cheju Volcanic Island, Korea
Taeho Kim
Cheju National University, Korea; e-mail: kimtaeho@cheju.cheju.ac.kr
Over three hundred small volcanic cones are distributed around Mt. Hallasan, the main volcanic edifice in Cheju Island, and are called "orum" in the Cheju dialect. The orums are typical monogenetic volcanoes that were built up through a single eruption, composed of several eruptive phases, in the Quaternary period. The tourism industry in Cheju Island has partly relied on the volcanic landforms that create the most unique and attractive landscape in Korea. However, nature-oriented visitors have not been satisfied just to watch the volcanic field scenery, being a major part of the traditional tourism in Cheju Island, due to the recent recognition of ecotourism. Monogenetic volcanoes are usually classified based on their structure, stratigraphy and shape. Cheju Island contains all types of monogenetic volcanoes such as tuff cones, tuff rings, maars, lava domes, small shield volcanoes and coneless lava flows, even though scoria cones are the most common volcanic form. Therefore, the science-based nature tourism related to the variety of eruption styles and subsequent volcanic forms can be an attraction motivation for recent ecotourists to Cheju Island, indicating that Cheju Island is an appropriate site `for examining volcanic activities as well as enjoying volcanic landscapes.

Tourism Development Imperative and Environmental Concern in Chejudo
Sangcheol Kwon
Cheju National University, Korea; e-mail: kwonsc@cheju.cheju.ac.kr
Concerns with environmental conservation are recently gaining attention over efficiency of economic development in Korea. Equity over efficiency had been the dominant issue at Cheju island which are reflected in the spatial distribution of designated tourism sites. Since the beginning of local self-government and IMF crisis, development imperatives are strongly disclosed in the efforts of revenue expansion and attracting foreign capital by local governments. Tourism development is at the forefront for Cheju, tourism center which nowadays confronted with environmental conservation and concern. Mt. Songak development plan waterfront project of Sogwipo city, and Mt. Halla cable-car installation are the examples. These issues are exemplified in who are the actors to the sides of development and conservation. In particular the stands of local self-government illuminate the concept of local dependence applicable to the case of tourism development and environmental conservation in tourism-based local economies of Chejudo.

Sustainable Tourism and Terrorism in a Small State
Victor Ray
Alternative Tour, 19, Subash Bose Avenue, Laxmibazar, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh; email: k_ahmed@nbr-bd.org
As we are struggling for developing our technology, education for improving life style, economy and friendship in our society through tourism while it is now recognized by all of us that tourism is one of the major activities in the world economy, unity and peace. And to achieve terrorism free society in our third world, we want liberty of our tourism having free access in the world tourism policy to eliminate illiteracy, poverty and infuse economic development for national peace, prosperity through international forum by keeping our culture and tourism concurrently in practice with alien culture to enrich global tourism, culture, education and economic deficiencies.

Seeking Alternative Management Tools for Ecologically Sustainable Mt Halla Development
Dr Edward Kim
Skyrail Pty, Ltd, Australia; email: Edward.Kim@skyrail.com.au
Mr Yang-Soo, Yun
Korea Research Institute for Human Settlement; email: ysyun@krihs.re.kr
Diane Lee, PhD
Murdoch University, Australia; email:b dlee@central.murdoch.edu.au
Cheju Island is one of the most popular holiday destinations in South Korea and has huge potential for international tourism. The island of Cheju is blessed with great natural beauty and a rich untainted environment. Mt Halla, the highest mountain in South Korea, is the most prominent natural attraction in Cheju. Its unique environment, great natural beauty, and spiritual significance to the Korean people make it a major drawcard for visitors to Cheju.
Visitation in the Mt Halla National Park has grown dramatically over recent years and this growth is expected to continue into the future. Present visitation is around half million per year and there is already very obvious evidence of damage in the areas of hiking trails and lookouts. The Mt Halla National Park Authority has been very active in site hardening and rehabilitation but growing numbers of visitation threaten to overwhelm their efforts.
Future economic development plans for the Cheju Province include that Cheju becomes an international free city, in a similar manner to Hong Kong. This is likely to increase the number of visitors to Cheju. However, such growth has the potential to damage the very attractions that bring the tourists in the first place. The challenge is to encourage and facilitate tourism growth whilst mitigating potentially negative environmental impacts arising from the visitation. Ecologically Sustainable Tourism Development is the prime challenge the Mt Halla National Park Authority. The creation of long-term economic prosperity whilst protecting and conserving the environment that underpins that prosperity is the balance that needs to be maintained.
The main aim of this research is to identify and develop new management methods for Mt Halla National Park that improves the environmental management of the national park and also create a quality tourist experience.
Specific aims of the study are to: 1. Review the current situation of protection management of Mt Halla National Park; 2. Examine visitorsí impression of Mt Halla conservation and management; and 3. Determine visitorsí attitudes towards the Mt Halla cableway development
proposal.
The survey was conducted using individual interviews to collect in depth information relating to visitorsí experiences. The interviews were carried out at the Cheju airport before visitors left for home. More than 300 questionnaires were collected during April and May, 2000 in Cheju. This
study was conducted as a joint research between Skyrail Ltd, Pty in Australia and Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements in Korea.
The results of this research will enable effective management marketing for the Mt Halla National Park Authority. The results provide insight into the current situation at Mt Halla and uncover problems with Mt. Halla conservation & management techniques. Discussion will suggest the application of alternative management tools to encourage sustainable tourism development of Mt Halla.

Second Home Tourism and Sustainable Development in Sweden
Dr. Dieter K. Muller
Department of Social and Economic Geography, Umeå. University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, phone +46 90 786 63 66, fax +46 90 786 63 59, e-mail: dieter.muller@geography.umu.se
Second home tourism can be considered a good option for contributing to sustainable development in rural areas due to its limited negative impact on environment and host community. Moreover, the demand of the second home owners for everyday supplies and products needed for maintaining the second homes forms an important contribution to the local service suppliers, which is a benefit for the entire host community. Particularly, this is true when the second home is not rented but owned.
In this paper, however, the sufficiency of the concept of sustainable tourism is questioned. This is done by focusing the demand side and its impact on sustainable development. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the interrelationship between sustainable development and tourist demand with special concern to second home tourism. It is argued that a decreasing demand for second homes due to societal changes in the metropolitan areas challenges the role of second home tourism for a sustainable development. Hence, tourism planning for a sustainable development should also include strategies for maintaining a stable tourist demand.
The analysis is mainly based on a unique geographical database covering more than 500,000 second homes in Sweden and providing information about their value, location, and owners. Moreover, recent statistics on second home usage are used to complement the other data.

Sustainable tourism and management of megaevents in cities of art
Prof. Armando Montanari,
University ìG.DíAnnunzio, Department of Economy and History of the Territory, viale Pindaro 42, I-65127 Pescara, Italy. (E-mail MD3046@mclink.it)
The ability which cities of artistic interest have to attract tourists and visitors to them is determined by the different ways that the supply of artistic/cultural heritage and the organization and efficiency of infrastructures are combined. The management of the flow of people, an essential element for safe-guarding the existing resources and therefore maintaining the ability to attract tourists to these cities, is one of the most important elements in the organization of the tourist industry, above all in this intense phase of internationalization and integration of single components of the productive system.
With the approaching of the end of the millennium the organization of megaevents has become intensified. This organization constitutes the principle instrument for strengthening the ability to attract visitors and at the same time one of the most significant strategies to recover urban space and re-structure the economy. This paper investigates some megaevents starting with the Olympic Games in Los Angeles in 1984 given that they signalled the fact that such events could not only be considered an element
of national and local pride but also an economic resource. The hosting of megaevents therefore provides the opportunity for competitiveness among cities and countries involved in them. The ability to compete for the hosting of a megaevent and knowing how to organize it with success can consequently be taken as an instrument of political and economic recognition in interurban competitiveness and this can presumably become even more intensified both at the global level and within macroeconomic
regions.
Megaevents have grown in terms of number and type. The flow of capital, information and people has grown beyond any form of conceivable planning, management or control, however, no adequate instrument to verify its sustainability has yet been devised. Therefore it is necessary to: examine the various methodologies of urban marketing used in megaevents; identify the most significant events which have been organized in the last ten yeas (1984-2000) in terms of management of visitor flow, urban
mobility, public reaction, resources and cultural programme; reflect upon the tendencies in act and on the reference scenarios for the management of cities with an artistic and cultural heritage.

Entrepreneurism for successful sustainability, the case of Monaco.
Dr. Anne-Marie d'Hauteserre
Department of Geography, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; email: adhautes@waikato.ac.nz <or> adhautes@gw.bsu.edu
Monaco, with 6000 native residents, is one of the smallest tourist destinations in the world. Its leader, Prince Rainier, has had international ambitions for his territory whose landscape demonstrates many of them. Leadership and vision are important in building local development capacity together with a correct evaluation of the expected benefits. Such restricted space which had created critical situations in traffic, housing, and facilities, raised issues of multi-functionality and conflicts in land use yet room has been found for a great variety of functions. This paper will demonstrate that the guiding principle of this entrepreneur has been the sustainable economic growth of the principality, growth which has been nothing short of phenomenal: Prince Rainier has been nicknamed "the building prince." Tourism has been developed as one of the basic activities of this territory: gambling for the rich (and gazing at the rich), yachting, beach combing, shopping, and a multitude of other attractions. Tourism, however, is but one of the many economic endeavors of the area.
Monaco has been a beacon of economic growth in a southern France plagued with high unemployment rates, in spite of the importance of tourism and of the development of high-technopoles (such as Sophia-Antipolis). This paper will examine how entrepreneurship has benefited the principality (and to some extent surrounding French towns) because the accent was on multi-functional development based on the principality's many environmental, locational, and physical attributes while recognizing its limitations. The aim was to fit functions into the topography of their intended sites and to be developed according to local requirements, rather than being the expression of a global concept which has to compromise with the landscape. All economic activities have been encouraged to constrain their negative environmental impacts. Strict regulations govern all construction on land, along the sea, and out into the sea. This last has enabled the principality to gain an extra 15% of its area and more projects are planned out at sea to benefit both economic development (including tourism) and social improvement. Monaco has been successful in meeting "the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (WCED 1987).

Visitors and Non-visitors to Archaeological Heritage Attractions: the Case of Massada versus Avedat, Israel
Shaul Krakover and Rinat Cohen
Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 ISRAEL; Phone: 972-7-6472018, Fax: 972-7-6472821; E-Mail: shaul@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
The aim of this study is to investigate the distinction between visitors and non-visitors to heritage sites in a comparative manner. Recent studies have shown the advantage of experiential and benefit segmentation of visitors to heritage sides over the more traditional socio-demographic division. This study compares visitors and non-visitors to the heritage sites of Massada and Avedat with respect to their prior tourism experience both at childhood and later, vis-a-vis their socio-demographic characteristics. The comparison is based on a survey of 300 interviews. Massada, connected to heroic events in Jewish history about 2000 years ago, is much more significant to the Israeli domestic tourist than Avedat. As such, it was found to generate a completely different pattern of differentiation between visitors and non-visitors. While the less significant site of Avedat complies with previous studies and visitors are distinguished from non-visitors by their prior experience rather than their socio-demographic prof ile, the site of Massada portrays just the opposite. At this major heritage attraction visitors and non-visitors are differentiated by their coscio-demographic characteristic rather than their prior experience.

Vernacular Local Heritage Conservation and the Formation of Place Characteristics
Huang, Fu-Tzu (Ph.D. Candidate )
Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 106, ROC; E-mail: fshuang@tpts4.seed.net.tw
This study is to build up a conceptual framework and a relation between the heritage conservation and the formation of place characteristics through an analysis on the local action processes of local community leaders' involvement in a traditional tourism town. At first, I propose Heritage Value Spectrum (H.V.S.) which serves as an analysis framework. Then, I define the whole value of local cultural and ecological features, including spiritual, long-term and hidden benefits, etc. Second, I review some programs about local heritage conservation to analyze local action processes. We expect to answer the questions on how it works to make up the sense of space, the environmental value and the concept of space. More over, I try to build up a conceptual framework and the relationship between heritage conservation and place characteristics. Finally, I would like to study how local community leaders make this conceptual framework 'localized' and 'vernacular'. These processes not only construct the characteristics of local community, but also build up the totality and locality of a living setting. The transformation of an
abstract and non-meaningful space to a meaningful place is similar to the processes mentioned as above. This process analysis not only achieves a solid base for local people¡¯s needs in terms of understanding the nature of a sustainable society, but also brings them together to step toward a sustainable community. As one approach of the future of sustainable tourism, community tourism provides some alternative recreation opportunities, including in-depth understanding the place characteristics of the attractions through participatory conservation activities for the tourists. If the tourists can build up sense of the place by the interpretations and the interactions with local community leaders, the community tourism will be an example of local sustainable development. The travel agencies as well as the local community people will
benefit from the local sustainable tourism development.

Tourism in transition societies revisited: Central and Eastern Europe after the first decade of transformation
Prof. Allan M Williams and Dr. Vladimir Balaz
Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter EC4 4RJ, UK; e-mails: A.M.Williams@exeter.ac.uk; balaz@progeko.savba.sk
The downfall of state socialism in 1989 introduced a period of uncertainty and change which was expected to herald major changes in their political economy. While most of the subsequent research on these countries has focussed on their financial services, manufacturing and attempts to create new civil and democratic institutions, the tourism sector provides a remarkable mirror of political and economic changes in the 1990s. This paper provides a review of tourism in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) after the first decade of transition. It adopts a path-creation path-dependency perspective to illustrate how changes in tourism have largely been conditioned by the legacy of pre-1989 institutions and practices, but how there is also evidence of path-creation. The paper examines the following themes, drawing on the authors' detailed case study of tourism in the Czech and Slovak republics (Williams and Balaz 2000):
1. The reinternationalisation of tourism. Outbound tourism has been subject to major changes, and best equates to the idea of path creation. Increased formalisation and social class differentiation in terms of pleasure tourism have replaced an initial 'unplanned discovery' period. Inbound tourism reveals a surprisingly high level of inertia in geographical patterns, but there is also evidence that some tourism attractions are becoming integrated into wider global patterns of tourism.
2. Trans-border tourism, organised around trade and shopping, have developed in response to the uneven economic development between the transition economies of CEE, the former Soviet Union and the EU. These are gradually subsiding in response to economic development in CEE.
3. Domestic tourism collapsed after 1989, in response to the general savage cuts in living standards. They recovered after 1993 but have become increasingly socially and territorially differentiated.
4. Privatisation has been a heterogeneous process that has elements of path creation and path dependency. Different forms of privatisation have created various types of owners with differential material and human capital.
5. Changes in tourism after 1989 have created a new map of regional tourism 'winners' and 'losers', which on balance have reinforced the overall pattern of regional divergence in the transition economies.
The paper concludes with reflections on whether the transition period should be seen as a phase in convergence on western European tourism models, or as heralding the creation of new and distinctive models of tourism production and consumption in Central and Eastern Europe.

Tourism Safety and Security in Kwazulu-Natal: Perception, Reality and Prosrects.
Lindisizwe M. Magi
Centre for Recreation and Tourism, University of Zululand, Durban-Umlazi Campus, Private Bag X10, ISIPINGO, 4110, South Africa; Telefax: 027 31 907 3011; E-Mail: lmmagi@iafrica.com
It is a fundamental truth that in order to be successful, tourism as a viable phenomenon or industry must be adequately supported in a sustainable manner by the safety and security of tourists in all destinations visited. The perception and reality of tourist safety and security has to be addressed and assured as a strategic priority by local communities, private and public sectors, as well as tourist organisations. The emergence of the new social and political dispensation in South Africa has ushered in all forms of challenges, some are positive others negative. A conceptual exploration of the outlook of local communities is a vital process to understand, if we are to achieve a successful and sustainable utilisation of tourism activities in South Africa. The main intention of this study is to bring into focus the emerging "tourism window of opportunity" which has descended on South Africa, and particularly in KwaZulu-Natal. The paper reports on the theoretical foundations associated with tourism safety and security. It draws heavily on existing international experiences and research regarding tourism safety and security. Specific attention is given to strategies adopted by some countries in combating crime, and assuring safety and security. The study then goes into highlighting and integrating the results of a series of local research studies on crime, safety and security undertaken between 1994 and 1998. These studies are then measured up with the short survey undertaken between the December 1999 and February 2000 in KwaZulu-Natal. A significant portion of the findings of the survey seek to correlate and update some of the results of research-work reported in DRA 1994, DEAT (Tourism White Paper) 1996; KZNTA (Tourism White Paper) 1997; DRA 1998, HSRC 19998, Magi 1998 and Ntuli 1998. This body of South African research related to safety and security represent a short and sporadic history of tourism studies which have been undertaken in South Africa in the last decade.
The survey research data were randomly gathered from approximately 466 respondents in KwaZulu-Natal. Respondents were mainly extracted from local residents, hosts and local tourists. The survey did not specifically engage international tourists. Intuitive and discriminant analytical procedures were used to reveal and distinguish characteristic patterns, perceptions, realities and prospects associated with tourism safety and security in the study area. The findings from this study indicate that the history of apartheid and subsequent socio-political transformation in South Africa have contributed significantly to the upsurge of crime and deficiency in safety and security. That initially political intolerance, and later poverty, un employment and the increased incidence of in-migration have also contributed to the problem at hand. The findings also suggest that there is a concerted and consistent effort of moving tourism safety and security conditions from negative perceptions and realities to positive ones. The respondents indicated that they expected to the government and business sectors to lead the way towards achieving community-based safety and security assurances. Not surprisingly, the perception of the deficiency in safety and security tended to vary in terms of demographic variables such as age, income, level of education and socio-economic status. The paper concludes by listing a set of recommendations as strategic priorities for assuring safety and security in KwaZulu-Natal. It closes with an expression of hopeful successes achieved by local and national authorities in re-establishing and re-assuring safety and security positions in the country. This kind of conclusion represents an important starting point for further research in tourism related safety and security policy formulation for a changing South Africa.

Equilibrium Between Usage and Protection of Ecotourism Natural Resources: The Case of Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, South Africa
Thandi Mahaye
University of Zululand, Center for Recreation and Tourism
Introduction: Recreation resources are for recreators to use and enjoy but it is important to consider the amount of use the resource can absorb before permanent damage exists. Environmental and recreational quality can be threatened by a number of interrelated types of impacts hence the call for sustainable management which prevent environmental impoverishment and degradation (Lele et al., 1996). Sustainable use of recreation resource ensures the use of resources to meet the needs of the present while not compromising the needs of the future and the maintenance of the ecological integrity of the resource. The greater St Lucia Wetland Park offers The South African and International ecotourism industry some of the most diverse wildlife and outdoor experiences. This park is also regarded as the "ecotourism paradise" and with newly acquired status as World Heritage site it will attract more tourists. At the moment Greater St Lucia Wetland Park is receiving an increased number of international as well as domestic tourists. It can easily be said that this park is one of the tourists' most popular attractions on the North Coast of KwaZulu Natal.
The tourists use the natural environment to satisfy their recreation needs. Recreation activities can disturb the natural environment and potentially damage the soil, water, air, flora and fauna. Studies have indicated that many tourists do not regard change of the environment as damage or as undesirable change and do not immediately not notice ecological change. Perceptions influence behaviour, therefore, tourists who do not regard change of the habitat as damage or as undesirable change are not likely to change their behaviour towards the resource and they will also not have less satisfactory experiences even when confronted by impacts that could be considered undesirable (Hendee et. al. 1990).
Objectives: As indicated above there should be a balance between use and protection of the natural resources. This calls for management strategies that can be used to protect the environment from degradation. This study focused mainly on:
1. Finding out their commitment towards protection of the environment
2. Finding out the strategies which they think will be more effective in protecting the environment from degradation resulting from recreation activities.
3. Finding the recreators' reasons for protecting the natural resource.
Methodology: A stratified random sample was drawn from the tourists who visited St Lucia. The sample size of 520 respondents was seen to be large enough to reduce the standard error and to increase the power of hypotheses testing. Appropriate statistical programmes were used to analyse data.
Study Area: The Greater St Lucia Wetland Park stretches from the Kosi Lake System that borders the Mozambique in the North, to its southern most coastal tip, Mapelane Nature Reserve. The Greater St Lucia Wetland Park is third largest nature reserve in South Africa on the North Coast of KwaZulu Natal. It is also one of Africa's largest protected wildlife areas which presently has four sites inscribed on the Ramsar list of Wetlands of International importance. This park boosts a diversity of fauna and flora and is the South Africa's first World Heritage site.
Findings: The results of the study indicated the study area is mostly visited by international tourists. Most of these tourists place importance on balancing the use the natural environment and its use. It also became apparent that international tourists are more committed to the protection of the natural environment than domestic tourists. They are aware that there is a limit to the number of tourists that the natural environment can support before it suffers damage. They expressed that strategies that limit the number of tourists who visit the resource at a time and also strict regulations and fines could help curb degradation of the resource. Most of them are also prepared to make a contribution towards protection of the natural environment.
Conclusion: This study successfully revealed the commitment of both international and domestic tourists to the protection of natural resources. This information is very important for decision making and also for deciding on the management strategies that could be effective in protecting the natural resource from degradation.

MICE in Singapore
Alan A. Lew
Dept. of Geography, Planning and Recreation, Northern Arizona University, Box 15016, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5016, USA; tel: 1 (928) 523-6567; fax: 1 (928) 523-2275; e-mail: alan.lew@nau.edu
Singapore has been the leading meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions (MICE) city in Asia since at least 1983, despite being on the periphery in comparison to the major MICE cities of Europe and North America. The country's success in this area has been due to the rapid modernization of its infrastructure and economy after gaining independence from the United Kingdom in 1963 and from Malaysia in 1965. Being a small city-state, Singapore was able to survive and prosper through the careful and judicious development of its human and human-built resources. It was able to build on its colonial legacy to achieve this is in a shorter time period than many other Asian countries. However, the 1990s have witnessed the rapid development of Singapore's neighbors to a point where the successful competition for Southeast Asian MICE events can no longer be taken from granted by any destination. Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong and Australia have all developed major meeting centers, transportation networks and supporting hospitality facilities. Typical of the Singapore approach, it is in the processes of making bold moves to ensure its future preeminence as a MICE destination.

Sustainable Tourism-A Role for Kenya's Hotel Industry
Bruce Prideaux, Patrick Masau
The Department of Tourism and Leisure Management, The University of Queensland, 11 Salisbury Road, Ipswich Queensland 4305, Australia; Telephone: +7 33811008; Fax: +733811012; E Mail b.prideaux@mailbox.uq.edu.au
The expansion of tourism in most developing countries has had profound effects on the environment. In some cases it has helped protect the environment while in others tourism has destroyed local ecosystems and local resources. As a consequence it has become necessary for the tourism industry, including the accommodation sector, to adopt environmental ethics aimed at promoting the sustainability of tourism. One of the ways of achieving this is by all sectors of the tourism industry embracing sustainable practices.
Kenya's ability to attract international tourists has been dependent on its wildlife, cultural heritage and a well-developed tourism infrastructure. Further, the combination of wildlife and the 3 S's (Sun, Sand, Sea) tourism has given Kenya an advantage, particularly with European visitors. However, peace in Southern Africa and the dismantling of the South African apartheid regime have seen Kenyaís market dominance eroded. Tourists who previously would have chosen Kenya due to its relative peace and political stability, have found themselves with a wider option of similar yet more curious destinations such as Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa.
With Kenya's national parks and game reserves attracting nearly 90% of all tourists visiting the country in 1997, it is important to look at the role of hotels in the tourism industry So far, limited research has been undertaken to determine how hotels contribute to the sustainability of tourism in the country. This paper will focus on the attitudes and perception held by tourists on the role of hotels in maintaining sustainable tourism in the country of Kenya.
The assumption for this research is that the development and support of sustainable tourism product and services including in the hotel sector, will help Kenya reestablish its reputation as Africa's leading wildlife destination. This approach should be able to identify strategies which may assist Kenya increase its share of the international tourism market. To achieve this, the paper analyses the hotel sector from the perception of the overseas tourist visiting the country for purposes of tourism. A total of 400 useable responses were obtained from a survey conducted at three of Kenya's major tourism locations.
Results: Research reported on in this paper is based on 400 questionnaires administered in Kenya's main tourist centuries of Nairobi, Mombasa and Masai Mari over a period of six weeks. The research indicated a mixed response to the impact that Kenya's hotels have on the environment. 24.5% of respondents felt that accommodation exerted considerable impacts on the environment while a further 19% were non-committal. While it is not possible to make definite or conclusive assumptions, the number of non-committal respondents can be interpreted as an indicator of the lack of positive efforts by the hotel sector to minimise their impacts on the environment. This view is reinforced by the fact that 33.8% of the respondents were not able to acquire any information about the impacts that specific hotels had on the environment. Respondents saw the hotel sector as having significant effects on the environment and felt that there was a
need for the hotel sector to introduce environmental codes of conduct.
Another significant finding was that respondents had a positive perception of hotel accommodation staff. Respondents felt that staff were knowledgeable about the environment (54. 3%). This indicates the potential for the hotel sector staff to influence visitorsí behaviour positively particularly in relation to their interaction with wildlife and nature in national parks and game reserves.
Of considerable importance was the finding that visitors were prepared to pay a premium for a tourism experience that was environmentally friendly. For example, 66.5% of respondents were willing to pay a higher rate for an environmentally friendly hotel. This result confirms a number of previous studies that have shown that there is willingness among tourists to pay more for environmentally friendly products and services including accommodation. The hotel sector can use this finding to prepare, develop and market sustainable products and services that promote environmental awareness thus increasing both yield and visitor numbers.
In conclusion this research indicates that Kenya's hotel sector must take into consideration environmental factors if it is to enhance its attractiveness to overseas tourists and increase its ability to compete with other African destinations.

Planning paradise: State participation in the Mexican tourism sector at the beginning of the Twentieth-first Century
Alvaro Sanchez-Crispin
Instituto de Geografia, UNAM. Mexico City. MEXICO
Mexico is the most important tourist destination in Latin America, in terms of the number of registered visitors annually. In the last decades, diverse geographical landscapes have been converted into suitable scenarios for the estabishment of tourism as a major economic activity. However, it is the combination of sand, sun and sea that has trigged the expansion of tourism, both in tropical and arid Mexico. While tourism began, in the early fifties, as an unregulated activity, in places like Acapulco and Puerto Vallarta, in recent years, the Mexican State has actively participated in the regulation of tourism, through the implementation of a national plan aimed to create the so-called Integrally Planned Centres for Tourism. In this context, this paper deals with the issue of the spatial differences brought about by the creation of such centres at five major tourist destinations in Mexico.

Tourists' use of information sources for choosing to stop at a site
Thor Flognfeldt Jr:
University of Otago, New Zealand / Lillehammer College, Norway; e-mail: TFlognfeldt@commerce.otago.ac.nz
In destination marketing there is still a lact of knowledge about the effectiveness of different types of information used to attract visitors. This is especially important for sites on a route, not supposed to be the primary destination, but hoping to get some tourists to stop and visit their attractions and do some shopping. A central question is therefore "how do different types of marketing and information materials influence the travelers` choice of sites to stop at destinations and attractions to visit during a trip?" To obtain a more efficient use of ressources like time and monney. Such questions could be important to answer.
Most of the field work of the students at the Integrated Tourism and Travel Study of Lillehammer College, Norway has included questions about usage of different information media. The aim of this paper is to look closer at the types of media that are used to make a stop decition. and discuss if these are the same as the local tourism trade are spending money on. In addition some comments are made about the information strategies of the National and Regional Tourism Organisations (NTOs and RTOs).
The empirical part of this paper is based two main data sources. Firstly, a file containing information from more than 7,500 interviews conducted between 1991 and 1997. Secondly, a new field work conducted during summer of 1998 with extended questions about information use. Some results from the last field work are presented in a paper by Flognfeldt & Nordgreen (1999). A challenge is to look at the consequences of developing new electronic media designed to use dring the trip. Among such will Internet be. Internet, however, is today close to solely used as a pre trip informer. The new ways might be to use Internet during the trip: on the hotel television, connected to mobile phones, or at Internet cafes. Another world is the GIS-based tools to use in the cars. Which of the media used today should be replaced by the new ones?
The aim of this paper will both be to analyze media use of existing travelers in Norway, and to discuss the challenges oming form "the new media"

Constructions of Seaside Leisure Spaces at Durban
Robert Preston-Whyte
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; e-mail Preston@mtb.und.ac.za
Much has been written on various aspects of seaside resorts. However, few writers have commented on how leisure spaces in these resorts are constructed who competes for their use and how they may change over time. Recognizing that leisure spaces are constructed out of social processes and social practices, the first part of the paper discusses how leisure spaces on Durban's seaside are identified and partitioned. The seaside landscape is shown to be the product of the geography of social action that involves recurrent construction of leisure spaces as new visitor populations discover them. Between 1900-2000, this occurred over three periods: the British colonial period from 1900-1947, the 'apartheid' period from 1948-1989, and the period of social, economic and political transformation from 1990-2000. This latter period is notable for the social, rather than material, constructions of the seaside. Examples are provided in the second part in relation to selected contemporary leisure spaces. Given that South Africa has recently emerged from a political ideology that maintained rigid ethnic and cultural boundaries, many seaside visitors retain a sense of belonging to these groups. This informs their choice of leisure space and some beach and picnic spaces are constructed around a notion of cultural identity. However, identity takes a number of forms and other spaces are contested around the possession of particular skills and access to scarce spatial or material resources. The notion of identity as a unifying and integrating process is questioned in relation to these examples. It is suggested that the trend, although still inchoate and tentative, be towards the cultural and racial integration of seaside leisure spaces at Durban.

Tourisme et développement territorial, vers un développement durable. L'exemple de l'Aubrac (Sud du Massif-Central, France)
Tourism, migration, and local development: an example from Aubrac (mountain France)
Olivier Dehoorne
e-mail: olivier.dehoorne@mshs.univ-poitiers.fr
Notre réflexion porte sur le tourisme et son insertion dans l'espace rural. Le tourisme vert bénéficie aujourd'hui d'un nouveau contexte plus favorable. Des campagnes marginalisées par la modernisation de l'agriculture peuvent devenir d'intéressants territoires pour le développement des loisirs à la campagne. Qualité des paysages et de l'environnement vont constituer autant de nouveaux atouts. Dans ce contexte se met progressivement en place un tourisme plus proche de la nature et des hommes, permettant d'envisager un développement durable.
La région de l'Aubrac (moyenne montagne au sud du Massif-Central, France) offre un riche champs d'étude. Dans les années 1960, le pire fut prédit pour cette montagne et aujourd'hui, on vient s'inspirer de ses initiatives, considérant la région comme un modèle de développement. Le tourisme occupe une place centrale dans ce renouveau. La stratégie développée repose sur la mise en valeur des ressources d'un terroir spécifique (élevage, fromage, gastronomie, coutellerie) avec une valorisation touristique de l'ensemble du territoire. Les images touristiques reposent sur les grands paysages des estives, la culture et les savoir-faire locaux et un événement majeur, la Transhumance. L'Aubrac offre un exemple de développement territorial global et ouvert. Il repose sur un territoire, des hommes (une communauté locale soutenue ses émigrés installés à Paris, sur les plans politique et financier). L'Aubrac présente donc un système local cohérent où les différentes activités se soutiennent et se stimulent. Le tourisme est au cœur de cette dynamique.
L'exposé se présente en trois parties :
- la présentation du tourisme rural et de son nouveau contexte ( en France et en Europe),
- l'exemple de l'Aubrac
- les enseignements de l'Aubrac pour un tourisme soutenable.
Tourism and territorial development : to a sustainable development. The example of Aubrac (south of Central-Massif, France)
Our subject concerns the tourism and his integration in rural area. Today the green tourism knows a favorable context. Some countries, once excluded from modernization, now become good areas for the development of tourism. The new advantages are the quality of the landscapes and the quality of the environment. In this context appears a new tourism related to the nature and the local's societies. This way allows to conceive a sustainable development.
The region of Aubrac (medium mountain belongings of the Central-Massif, France) presents a rich laboratory. In the 1960's, some experts announced a great failure for this mountain and now we analyze the success of the local initiatives, we think that we have found one model for rural development.The tourism occupy a central place in this resurrection. The strategy is based on the improvement of local resources (raising cows, cheese, gastronomy, tailor's knife) with a tourism point of view. The diffusion of images is based on the large landscapes with pasturage, the culture and the artisan of this territory, and the most important attraction : the day celebrated the establishment of the cattle on the mountain at the end of the spring.
The case of Aubrac presents a good example of territorial development, global and open. It's based on a specific territory, his people (a local community and the émigrés living in Paris, they procure political and financial helps). Aubrac possess a system local coherent. The different activities stick up for the growth of the area. At the heart of the dynamic, it's the tourism's role.
The communication is conceived in three parts :
- the rural tourism in France and the new context,
- the case of Aubrac's mountain,
- the lessons of this experiences for sustainable tourism.

The Tourist Circuits
Adriana Galvani
University of Bologna, Italy; e-mail: galvani@spbo.unibo.it
The tourism becomes, more and more, motor of change and economic development, being, by now, the greatest producer of employment, towards a progressively growth. The World Trade Tourism Council in London foresees 110 million jobs worldwide, within 2010. The tourism is tightly tied to the economic development and it is destined to expand, if not spatially, at least in terms of intensity and variety. It is a cross-disciplinary phenomenon, of intrinsic complexity, that requires planning efforts, supported by an increasing structure of studies and researches, towards a correct and profitable realisation. The implementation of tourist development becomes more complex than in the past and it requires increasing efforts in its maintenance. It would be a winner economic strategy to plan a cluster of resources and attraction to shows the naturalistic and cultural values of a region. The creation of new products must be prepared and studied in terms of market research, competition, structural social analysis, psychoogical and sociological needs, behaviours patterns, in order to offer new services, proposed in an integrated way. To realise that it is necessary to develop a multi-faced research: geographical, environmental, historical, economic, cultural.
The tourist circuit: the tourist circuit would be the final product of tourist development, able to set up all the tourist resources of areas, even the minor, tied all together, in order to overcome the simple product-object, tied up to a single place or to a single phenomenon. It would be able to enlarge the seasonality, because a big offer can attract long-haul tourism: time and place are tightly tied, since to the extension of distances it corresponds a prolongation of nights. To widen the offer to an ample market it is necessary to give a complex product, tied up not to a single site or single territorial or cultural emergency: It should not be mono-thematic, but, multi-thematic. The thematic park can be joined to the literary park, to the bathing, to the recreation, to the gastronomy, to the craftsmanship, to the socialisation etc. This requests a deep examination of the characteristics of an ample area, the rediscovery of lost traditions, the restoration of monuments, valorisation of treasures. From the tourist packet to the tourist circuit: the tourist packets offers are broadly experimented to world level. Nevertheless they contain some elements of weakness. The all inclusive tours are good for mass tourism, but they dont satisfy the cultural demands and today's product complexity. The packets are "commodity in box" introduced by external T.O. into a chosen area. The circuits, instead, are proposed by public/private local actors and are directed to tourists that autonomously decide to choose a long run. The offer in cluster makes the product most dynamic, able to address itself to diversified markets, not depending on few financial operators from outside, but created from locals, as true artists. The final stage of the new product is proposed in all its novelty and in all its complexity, as a real experience of life. The circuit planning is a complex product and it needs cross-disciplinary competences, deriving from the contribution of many experts, able to act in concordant way. Due to the varied faces of products, it is necessary to implement a synergy of accords among public and private sector and varied organisations, for this it will be necessary to overcome the egocentric vision, on which the job of the tourist operators has been developed till now. It will be necessary to work for an orchestrated action in a creative way, connecting the actions of all involved actors, putting aside the individualistic view.

Conditions of the foreign tourism development in Central and Eastern Europe
Prof. Jerzy Wyrzykowski
University of Wroclaw, Poland
In the paper I want to recapitulate results of our five international seminars: evaluation of tourist attractiveness, transportation accessibility and tourist infrastructure, analysis of SWOT and some directions of the foreign tourism development in this region of Europe.

Development and Sustainability of Aging Tourist Resorts. Future Strategies in the Balearic Islands (Spain)
Dr.Pere A. SALVÀ-TOMÀS
Catedràtic d'Universitat de Geografía Humana Universitat de les Illes, Balears Campus Universitari Carrterea de Valldemossa, km.7,5 07071, PALMA DE MALLORCA, BALEARIC ISLANDS, SPAIN; Tel. +34.971.173159; Fax: +34.971.173184; e-mail: psalva@ctv.es
The important growth of the tourist affluence (more than 11 millions tourists in 1999) it has caused important economic, social, cultural and environmental consequences in the territory and the society of the Balearic Islands (Spain). The tourist development model implanted in the Balearic Islands can be considered a good example for an representative analysis of the evolution of most of aging tourist resorts of the mediterranean coast. The most important characteristics of present tourist development model that is implanted in the decade of 1950s are:
* An economic system based on the tourist monoculture (Almost totally dedicated to tourism).
* A tourist massification represented by a mass tourism fordist type that travels through the tourist standard package.
* An aged, obsolete and oversize hotel plant.
* The exhaustion of the urban and over-congested model limited to sun and beach.
* A inadaption of the offer of new competitive tourist products with relationship to the new tourist demands.
The present diagnosis of the tourist resorts of the Balearic Islands it shows us that they have reached the aging phase, presenting a tendency toward the decline and even the disintegration. They are detected important environmental efects with environmental degradation processes because of the overcoming the carring capacities of the coast ecosystems. It is imposed the necessity to design a new future scenario for the Balearic Islands tourist resorts based on the sustainable development with actions that assure the environmental balance and the improvement of the life quality of resident population. From this perspective the new territorial planning policy of the Balearic Islands they try to design a global scenario of the tourist sector based on the Agenda 21 philosophy. These new strategies have as objective to reorient, modify and/or reconvert the present tourist development model (fordist type) establishing a new model based on the sustainabily. The Agenda 21 become a basic instrument to design a tourist strategic plan with long-time objectives whose actions parameters are:
* Environmental quality.
* Limitation of the city-planning growth. Desdensity through clearning out urban actions (spongy actions)
* Limitation of the growth of the hotel beds.
* Limitation of the growth of the residential tourist rooms.
* Modernization of the tourist supply.
* Amplification of the tourist season to diminish the seaseonality.
* To diversify the economic base.
* To improve the residential life quality.
* To create a new tourist products spply based on the natural, rural and/or cultural resources of the Balearic Islands territory.
The the Balearic Islands case is an example to demonstrate the necessity to apply a new development philosophy in the aging tourist resorts of the mediterranean coast. These aging tourist resorts suffer different menaces types based on one hand in the lost of tourist attraction, factor that implies a decline process, and for other, a competition challenge with other emergent destinations located in environments of the Caribbean, Latin American and/or Asian countries with a more qualified aupply and with new attraction perceptions based on its exoticism. The answer of these tourist resorts it is the new tourist products supply developed in the sustainability philosophy, the excellence and the environmental quality.

Seoul, Korea, 14-18 August, 2000
Tourism Study Group sessions at the International Geographical Congress

ABSTRACTS

The Intermestic Nature of Tourism Policy: Implications for Business Networks, Free Trade, Regional Development and Tourism at the Supranational Level
C. Michael Hall
Centre for Tourism, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; e-mail: cmhall@business.otago.ac.nz
Although models of international relations are well developed to deal with the activities of nation-states, the growth of subgovernmental governments as international actors provides significant challenges to our understanding of economic globalisation and its spatial and policy implications. Moreover, in an era of economic globalisation the rise of 'new' supranational policy issues such as the environment, trade and labour mobility are profoundly different in scope from the traditional strategic and security issues of international relations. Such issues may be described as 'intermestic' in nature, that is they are simultaneously both domestic and international policy issues which, while being of substantial domestic concern, cross international boundaries thereby creating international interest in the setting of policy. Tourism is increasingly becoming recognised as such an intermestic policy issue particularly as sub-national actors such as states, provinces, regions and cities respond to an increasingly globalised business environment and seek to attract investment, employment and tourists. Moreover, the role of tourism in establishing regional images through place-marketing processes may see it being given closer attention as a factor in supranational policy development. Nevertheless, the understanding of the policy and territorial dimensions of tourism's functions in economic integration remains a poorly developed though potentially highly significant subject of study.
This paper provides a framework for the examination of intermestic policy and also provides a number of case studies at various scales of analysis to indicate how this tourism policy field has developed since the early 1960s. Several case studies and examples are provided of supranational tourism organisations from the Asia-Pacific area including APEC, ASEAN, AFTA, NAFTA, CER, IMTGT, and PNWER. These examples illustrate the way in which the supranational tourism policy field is growing in substance often with little or belated awareness in the domestic policy arena.
It is concluded that an understanding of tourism policy, particularly with respect to international tourism, requires an understanding of the intermestic nature of much policy and its implications for a range of supranational issues including governance, networks and territorial integration in a globalised economy.

Constraints on sustainable tourism development in Northern Vietnam : Dilemma between socialist ideal and market requirments
Hakki Gim
Graduate School of International and Area Studies, Seoul National University, Korea; E-mail : Hockie44@hotmail.com
Abstract : Since Doi-Moi policy acclaimed, Vietnam government has tried to develop its economic potential and improve the standard living of its people. The disastrous economic situation expedites economic renovation. In addition, the collapse of COMECON(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) prompted Vietnam to open its door to the western countries and to start tourism business. Under the situation that economic disparities between North and South deepen, tourism development seemed to be one of few possible options for Northen Vietnam considering its poor industrial infrastructure and high unemployment rates. Vietnam government which had already observed the negative impacts of tourism development in other less-developed countries adopted "socialist tourism development" strategy and paid attention to sustainable tourism development from its earlier stage. But the stern reality of capitalist economy gives various challenges to the stakeholders of Vietnam tourism development, especially, in terms of sustainability.
The objective of this research is to examine if it is possible for a densely-populated and poor country to keep its ideal of sustainable tourism development. It also tries to clarify the process of a socialist country being integrated into the competitive international tourism market and losing its grip over the tourism industry against market requirments. Tourism development strategy of Vietnam government is analyzed from the point of sustainability and its various measures to realize the ideal of socialist tourism development are examined. In addition, the main sectors of tourism supply - transportation, travel agents and accommodation - are mentioned to show its spatial patterns and characteristics. And the constraints of sustainable tourism development in Vietnam are also examined and the process of being caught in the vicious circle through integration into the international tourism industry, especially after "Asian crisis", is clarified. In order to show the current unsustainable development patterns in Northern Vietnam, Halong Bay and Sapa are exemplified. In addition, the conflicting goals of the major stakeholders - Vietnam government, international hoteliers, local travel agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations - in Vietnam tourism development are examined in terms of sustainability. Finally, the challenges and opportunities Vietnam tourism faces are suggested.

New Asia: Emerging Trends in Heritage and Cultural Tourism
Alan A. Lew
Dept. of Geography, Planning and Recreation, Northern Arizona University, Box 15016, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5016, USA; tel: 1(928) 523-6567; fax: 1(928) 523-2275; email: alan.lew@nau.edu
This paper examines the development of the 'New Asia' concept, looking at the growth of Asian economies and personal incomes that has resulted in increased demand for leisure travel and tourism. The major argument is that many aspects of tourism in New Asia are postmodern in form and structure. This is already seen in the tourism landscapes that have resulted from the commodification of history to support nationalism and economic development in several Asian countries. Also significant in shaping the postmodern "New Asia" are the Asian economic crisis, globalization and localization, and the Asian values debate. This trend has major implications for how heritage tourism and cultural tourism in Asia will develop in the coming millennium.

A geography study of the environmental Impacts of tourism development on the Senegalese Petite Cote
Abdou Khadre Diagne
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, Japan. E-mail: Diagne@yahoo.com
Over the last twenty years much of the natural coastline of the Petite Cote (little coast in English) has been destroyed and replaced with tourist facilities and accommodations. This area used to be occupied by many weekend tourist accommodations. Nowadays, all these installations are removed and replaced by luxurious and aesthetic holiday villas for the affluent and expatriates (mainly Lebanese, French people and few Africans) from Dakar. Furthermore, this coast houses more than thirty large hotels mainly concentrated in Sali seaside resort. This situation has resulted in a new face of the Petite Cote dominated by an accelerated urbanization. Furthermore, despite the enactment of many regulations, the new occupants of the coast are still violating the DPM let alone. Thus, the laws are disregarded and the decision-makers have enforced no sanctions. This situation has resulted in panoply of damages leading to an increase in coastal erosion.
Located on the westernmost part of Africa, facing the Atlantic Ocean and benefiting from a mild climate, the Senegalese Petite Cote is one of the African most rapidly developing shoreline. The diversity of the coastal environment plus the proximity to the capital, Dakar and the availability of many vacant areas combine to create a powerful attraction for summer visitors mainly international tourists and Senegalese rich classes for local tourism. Tourist accommodations have been established on hitherto inhabited small villages along the Petite Cote. By 1995 the number of international tourists, increased from 90,000 to 340,000 in 1998. According to the projection of Senegalese Minister for Tourism and Surface Transportation, 1 million to 1.5 million tourists are expected in 2005. Today, this mild appraised sector houses more than 25 international hotels and the first sub-Sahara seaside resort in Africa.
However , tourism must be seen as a significant factor in the transformation of the coastal environment. In order to promote tourism development, the government in 1975 created the S.A.P.C.O (Senegalese seaside resort tourism developer). This public limited company whose 90% of the capital belong to the Senegalese state, and 10% subscribed from the local banks, deals with investors interested in the Petite cote. It had got from the state all the lands indispensable for the accomplishments of its project that is to develop and to promote international tourism. The Petite cote is witnessing a rapid proliferation of tourist accommodations. Furthermore, tourism expansion also magnifies intra-generational inequity as local residents of Sali Tape village were relocated from North Sali to its present location. In Senegal, despite several regulations, the coastal laws are not observed and the quasi totality of the constructions are between 10 to 15 m from the shoreline violating the law for coastal occupations which proposed a minimum of 20 m from the shoreline. Elsewhere, in France for example, a ministerial directive of 25 August 1979 stressed that development should be set back at least 100 m from the shoreline (A.Miossec, 1992). In Spain, in 1988, the Spanish Government enacted the ley des costas, which imposed a 500 m, set back line and sanctioned the removal of illegal buildings (A.J.Mc Dowell, et all, 1992). Furthermore, "until recently, attention has concentrated on the more obvious economic impacts with comparatively little consideration being given to the environmental and social consequences of tourism" (Mathieson, A and Wall .G, 1982).
This geographical study pinpoints the environmental aggressions of tourism and the lack of sanctions for tourism development along the Senegalese Petite Cote. This study refers to the main Senegalese environmental laws to pertinent with the new physiognomy of this fragile area. Hence, this study focused on the nature of tourism-environmental law, which elucidates on how the coastline, the Petite Cote is affected by the accommodations buildings such as hotels, holiday villages, second homes etc. Emphasis will be accorded to the environmental changes such as coastal erosion, sand extraction, increase of garbage, overloading of the fragile coastline etc., the environmental vandalism for example the violation of the environmental laws.

South of the border, down Mexico way. Major socio-economic impacts of tourism in the border towns of Northern Mexico
Alvaro Sanchez-Crispin
Instituto de Geografia. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Mexico City. 04510 MEXICO. e-mail: ascrispin@yahoo.com
Mexico and the United States have a common land-border of over 3000 kilometers. Most of this frontier is barren land, strongly associated with the arid conditions prevalent in the area. Since the 1970's, a handful of border cities have grown both in terms of their total number of inhabitants and their contribution to the Gross Domestic Product. At present, some of these towns, like Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, have already surpassed the one-million inhabitants figure. These urban agglomerations attract a large number of Mexicans coming from poorer regions, particularly those in the south of the country; the reason for this migration is the American dream, the possibility to cross the border (illegally or otherwise) and get a job paid in dollars. As many of the incoming migrants to these border towns do not always achieve their task, they end up as inhabitants of the Mexican North, preserving their cultural and social traditions, in an environment virtually void of any real Mexican folklore. Some of the Mexican towns on the border with the United States receive a constant influx of visitors the year over, particularly Americans. Most of these tourists dare crossing the border to taste the Mexican culture, many manifestations of which have been brought by the migrants from the interior of Mexico. While the number of visitors to the Mexican border towns is quite large (Tijuana is the most visited city of the world with over 40 million registered visitors, annually), the majority of them only remain few hours in Mexico. These visitors enjoy the Mexican ambience, artificially created but effective nonetheless, where food, handicrafts and alcoholic beverages are central to the satisfaction of the foreign patrons of local restaurants, shops and street-vendors. Drugs and prostitution also play their part, although illegal, in the promotion of tourist attractions of these Mexican border towns. The in-bond plants industry and the international commerce notwithstanding, tourism has been regarded in the Mexican border towns of the North as a fundamental part of the regional economy. The territorial expression of tourism in this part of the country is rather different from the one present in the Maya or the Mexican Rivieras, as it has not resulted in the creation of extensive infrastructure nor is based on the presence of natural resources. The geographical proximity of the United States and the strikingly different cultures of Mexico and its neighbour to the North have given way to a dynamic, intense and constant influx of visitors, demanding the consumption of particular goods and services.

'Gazing' KumKang Mountain: the emergence of commercial tourism in South Korea
Young-Sook Lee and David Ip
School of Tourism & Hotel Management, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, PMB 50 Gold Coast Mail Centre QLD 9726, Australia
In recent years questions have been raised whether the concept of 'tourist gaze' should be understood as a universal concept as contemporary tourism becomes globalised albeit not necessarily homogenised. Based on travel literature from the 14th century and recently published tourism materials, this paper traces the transformation of traditional travelling in South Korea, particularly in the KumKang Mountain, to illustrate the emergence of a commercially oriented 'gaze' in South Korean society. This study argues that the commercial transformation is structured, popularised and mediated politically by the South Korean government. It also suggests that the commercialisation and consumption-driven marketisation of this traditionally famous destination for scholars and government officials ultimately leads to the construction and emergence of a 'gaze' that characterises the consumption of South Korean tourists.

Ecotourism - an Emerging Need for Visitor Management (The Indian Experience)
Dr. Purva
Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, GW 1 Ganga, Uttarakhand, Jawaharal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India; Email: purva@jnuniv.ernet.in; Fax: +91-11-6165886, 6198234 (ATTN. Dr. PURVA, CSRD/SSS)
In recent years, the trends in tourism in India have shown variation in terms of both economic and socio-cultural values. With changing lifestyles, economy and paid vacations, there has been a change in the attitude and perception of people toward travel and tourism. There has been an increase in environmental awareness and pressure of urbanization. Now, urban masses look for new get away locations, where they can get involved in active outdoor recreation. Thus, national parks and sanctuaries have emerged as the favorite destinations.
A decade ago the 500 national parks and other protected areas did not interest the holiday seekers. But, in recent times they have become "hot spots" for vacationers. As a result, the Government of India initiated the 'new ecotourism policy'. In order to generate more foreign revenue, the new policy deviates from its previous principle of 'for conservation only'. The policy, now, aims at increasing tourism by creating more services and facilities for the visitors to the protected areas. Thus, there has been a constant increase in the number of visitors during the 'season' particularly to the parks like Corbett, Ranthambore, Nagarhole, Kaziranga, etc., which have close proximity to metropolitan towns and are important for endangered species like the tiger or the one horn rhino. The visitors to these national parks are usually the youth in 18 to 30 years of age group. They are driven by the motivation to do something "adventurous".
This could involve any activity like tiger sighting, wildlife photography, camping. Many times urban visitor gets involved in prohibited and illegal activities. This leads to socio-cultural conflicts between the visitors and the local community and the other stakeholders, human-wildlife interface and other related problems. A new set of issues that have emerged out of such tourism in India is of displacement of local people. This has emerged as a major management issue in some of the parks, but has universal manifestation. Such problems and issues need to be addressed at the policy level.
This paper looks into some of such issues related to management. The present scenario of tourism in India calls for designing strategies for visitor's management such as intensive interpretation, environmental awareness programs and active involvement of local people for promoting responsible tourism. Various research techniques like, field survey & PRA, have been used. The data for the paper has been collected through questionnaire and field survey.

Rapid growth in an alpine resort area - discussing a feasibility study for further development in Trysil, Norway
Thor Flognfeldt, jr.
University of Otago, New Zealand / Lillehammer College, Norway
The alpine resort development at Trysilfjellet in the Eastern part of Norway from 1970 up to this day, might be described as a success story both in tourism planning and community development. Trysilfjellet is already the largest alpine ski resort in Norway, measured by ski lift income. Today this resort and the surrounding municipality is standing at the start of new development challenges, and the aim of this presentation is to examine these challenges. By the later part of the sixties, the municipality of Trysil was facing large structural changes - mostly because the need of manpower in forestry and agriculture had been reduced quickly, but also since attempt of developing new industries did not take off. A high percentage of grown up men commuted on a weekly basis to Oslo and other towns, and the women and young ones of both sexes were leaving the area. During the seventies, and at a much stronger pace, from 1985 till today, an alpine resort development has taken place and, partly made new jobs available for both those who had left and some of those thinking of leaving. The development of 12.000 beds and 25 skilifts and 62 downhill tracks attracts 650.000 day/visitors to the area during the winter season. The next stage, however, might give some new challenges. A Master Plan has been presented by the developers, describing an expansion up to 35.000 beds the next 12 years. May investors have already presented new investment plans, mostly in apartment hotels or rental cottages, but also including golf courses and an indoor water park. This author has been engaged by the local authorities to make a study of how this potential development might affect and stimulate the local community - regarded from a municipality point of view. The aim of the paper is both to present that study, and also to discuss how education and research should be included in the following up stages of both the Master Plan and the Community Planning process.

Transnational mobility in Central Europe: new forms of integration?
Prof. Allan M Williams and Dr. Vladimir Balaz
Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter EC4 4RJ, UK; A.M.Williams@exeter.ac.uk, balaz@progeko.savba.sk
In the course of the post 1989 transition, the former centrally planned economies of Central Europe (CE) have xperienced a marked change in the role of transborder mobility. The initial adjustment period was characterised by high levels of discovery tourism flows, and trade/shopping trips which constituted a form of barter capitalism. There was also a high level of labour migration, which responded to economic differentials in CE and the surrounding states.
In the second phase of transition, after 1993, new and more sophisticated forms of transborder mobility have developed in response to the increasing integration of the region with the western European economies. CE has attracted increasing shares of the international capital flows to emerging market economies. Moreover, compared to other world regions (including East Asia), a relatively large share of these flows has been constituted of foreign direct investment. An exploration of the determinants of these capital flows, using a neo-classical model, provided only medium-low levels of explanation, and highlights the importance of considering institutional frameworks, especially in the financial sector and privatisation. There have also been changes in labour migration, with Central Europe becoming a region of net in-migration. Labour flows to Western Europe have generally been lower than estimated, and have tended to involve short term, informal and illegal moves rather than a massive permanent exodus. These temporary labour migrants often combine tourism, with trading and short term work contracts, and it is evident that there is the emergence of new new forms of international mobility.

Scientific tourism in the context of ecological tourism as one of the components of sustainable development of the Russia mountain region (on the example of Uvs Nuur hollow and Ukok plateau of Altai)
Ananicheva M.D., Kononov Yu.M.
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of sciences, staromonetny per. 29 Moscow 109017, RUSSIA; Phone: +7 (095) 415 04 73; Fax: +7 (095) 959 00 33; E-mail: cest@glasnet.ru
Basing on practical experience of international ecological expeditions and research results within the project ´World Natural Heritage Territories in Russia and Ecological Tourismª supported by Open Society Support Foundation (RSS 2140/941/1999), the authors analyzed the variants of optimal development of ecotourism in concrete regions of Altai - Sayany mountain country. Such regions are nominated to the status of World Natural Heritage - Uvs Nuur Hollow and Ukok Plateau . Already in the Soviet Union time a high recreational potential was a feature of these areas, more than 50 thousand tourists used to visit Altai Mountains. Now this current has considerably decreased. By assessments, it dropped to 500-600 people per year. There is a complex of reasons for it. The main one lays in a perception of Altai - Sayany mountain system primary as a place for sporting (alpinism, mountain skiing, rafting, etc) tourism development. However many regions with the same specifics of tourism development exist in the world and they are well known and popular in the tourist market. Altai - Sayany region would hardly be a successful competitor with them. Also we consider that this kind of anthropogenic loads when having a large scale (Everest slopes for instance) on mountain ecosystems results in rather unfavorable consequences like pollution by solid and dangerous wastes. So in our opinion, there is a real perspective of ecotourism development for Altai - Sayany region without extended initial expenditures. It is so called scientific tourism which is not still widely developed in Russia. The example of this kind may serve expeditions sponsored by ´Earth watchª Foundation (a Field research support fund). Scientific tourism specialization of given region is conditioned by it unique features. Uvs Nuur Hollow is well known among scientists as a natural biosphere laboratory: here various landscapes with their classic attributes are compactly located within a limited territory. Visitors during a short time (1-2 days) can move from sand-hills of the desert into deep forest and reach mountain glaciers that may be of high interest for natural scientists. Ukok Plateau is unique by its numerous archeological monuments. The sensational finding ñ mummy of a woman living 2500 years ago named by journalist 'The princess of Altai' or 'Lady Ukok' relates to this place. By ´Earth watchª experience the archeological expeditions are of great demand with volunteers. The scientific tourism development may become the optimal mode for recreational resources use for the given regions.